{"id":3654,"date":"2026-02-11T20:47:46","date_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:47:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/?p=3654"},"modified":"2026-02-11T20:53:42","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:53:42","slug":"%ce%bf-%ce%bc%ce%b5%ce%b3%ce%b1%ce%bb%cf%8d%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%82-%cf%89%ce%ba%ce%b5%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%8c%cf%82-%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b3%ce%b7%cf%82-%cf%80%ce%bf%cf%85-%ce%b1%ce%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/?p=3654","title":{"rendered":"\u039f \u00ab\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013 explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 700 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-post-time-to-read has-background has-subtle-background-background-color\">6\u20138 minutes<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 <strong>\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/strong> \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac <strong>\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong>, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 400\u2013700 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <strong>\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 (mantle)<\/strong> \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2 \u2013 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u2013 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac <strong>\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong>. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <strong>\u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (water cycle)<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2: \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2014 \u2013 \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u00bb \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf 2014, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Graham Pearson \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc, \u03c4\u03bf <strong>ringwoodite (\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b9\u03c4)<\/strong>. \u03a4\u03bf ringwoodite \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 520\u2013660 km, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 <strong>\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 (mantle transition zone)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>1,5% \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong>. \u0391\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 <strong>\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2014 \u2013 \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 (Schmandt &amp; Jacobsen) \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd <strong>\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (seismic waves)<\/strong> \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 410\u2013660 km \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ae \u03c4\u03ae\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/strong>, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong> \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2017\u20132025 \u2013 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03a0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf <strong>wadsleyite (\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03bb\u03b5\u0390\u03c4)<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ringwoodite, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd <strong>\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 ringwoodite, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u0392\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac <strong>\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/strong> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf <strong>bridgmanite (\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b9\u03c4)<\/strong> \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 <strong>\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong> (&gt;660 km) \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b7: \u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 <strong>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>, \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u00ab\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 <strong>\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf<\/strong> \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac-\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1: ringwoodite \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 wadsleyite<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf ringwoodite \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf wadsleyite, \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd <strong>\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1<\/strong>. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u00ab\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u00bb <strong>\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (OH\u207b)<\/strong> \u2013 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac \u00ab\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u00bb \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>0,5\u20132% \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong>. \u0391\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 <strong>\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1:<br>\u03a3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc. \u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u00ab\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u00bb \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u039f \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (deep water cycle)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u00ab\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u00bb <strong>\u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (water cycle)<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 <strong>\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 <strong>\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (deep water cycle)<\/strong>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 <strong>\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03a9\u03ba\u03b5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd (mid-ocean ridges)<\/strong><br>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2. \u0398\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00bb \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0396\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (subduction zones)<\/strong><br>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b8\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac-\u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7<\/strong><ol><li>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 (\u03c0.\u03c7. 80\u2013200 km), \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (volcanoes)<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf ringwoodite \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf wadsleyite. \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u00ab\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/strong><br>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 <strong>\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae (mantle convection)<\/strong>, \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9 \u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 <strong>\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/strong> \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 600\u2013700 km \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u039f \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u2019 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u2013\u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u2013\u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 <strong>\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u0393\u03b7 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong> \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03ae\u03be\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 <strong>\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 <strong>\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong>, \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 <strong>\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd (plate tectonics)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf <strong>\u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/strong> \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 (CO\u2082)<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ac\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong>\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 (410\u2013660 km \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf <strong>ringwoodite<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf <strong>wadsleyite<\/strong>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc <strong>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong> \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 <strong>\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 <strong>\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (subduction zones)<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 <strong>\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd <strong>\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f \u00ab\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 <strong>\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1<\/strong>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Pearson, D. G., et al. (2014, March 12). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond<\/i><\/a>. Nature.<\/li>\n\n<li>Schmandt, B., &#038; Jacobsen, S. D. (2014, June 12). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1253358\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle<\/i><\/a>. Science.<\/li>\n\n<li>Inoue, T., et al. (2017, June 6). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.1603024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>A nearly water-saturated mantle transition zone inferred from mineral viscosity<\/i><\/a>. Science Advances.<\/li>\n\n<li>Lu, J., et al. (2025, December 10). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adx5883\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Substantial water retained early in Earth&#8217;s deep mantle<\/i><\/a>. Science.<\/li>\n\n<li>Brookhaven National Laboratory. (2014, June 12). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bnl.gov\/newsroom\/news.php?a=111648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>New Evidence for Oceans of Water Deep in the Earth<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>Steele, A. (2024, February 19). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/rare-diamond-confirms-that-earths-mantle-holds-an-oceans-worth-of-water\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Rare Diamond Confirms That Earth&#8217;s Mantle Holds an Ocean&#8217;s Worth of Water<\/i><\/a>. Scientific American.<\/li>\n\n<li>Frazin, R. (2025, September 18). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/oceans-worth-of-water-hidden-deep-in-earth-ultra-rare-diamond-suggests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Ultra Rare Diamond Suggests Earth&#8217;s Mantle Has an Ocean&#8217;s Worth of Water<\/i><\/a>. Scientific American.<\/li>\n\n<li>Bolfan-Casanova, N., et al. (2023, July 30). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/ejm-35-549-2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Effect of oxygen fugacity on the storage of water in wadsleyite and olivine in H and H\u2013C fluids<\/i><\/a>. European Journal of Mineralogy.<\/li>\n\n<li>Qian, S., et al. (2025, March 9). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/G52804.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Mantle transition zone water triggers lithospheric weakening and spreading<\/i><\/a>. Geology.<\/li>\n\n<li>Ohtani, E. (2020, June 10). <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8288861\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>The role of water in Earth&#8217;s mantle<\/i><\/a>. National Science Review.<\/li>\n\n<li>Wikipedia. (2019, January 5). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Deep water cycle<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>Wikipedia. (2007, January 15). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ringwoodite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Ringwoodite<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u0398\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1. (2014, June 12). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.protothema.gr\/environment\/article\/386938\/nees-endeixeis-gia-terastious-okeanous-sta-vathi-tis-gis-\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>\u039d\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>iEfimerida. (2026, January 30). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iefimerida.gr\/kosmos\/ereynites-anakalyptoyn-enan-gigantiaio-okeano-sto-esoteriko-tis-gis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>\u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03ae\u03c2<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>Makeleio.gr. (2026, January 31). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.makeleio.gr\/%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1\/yparchei-ypogeios-okeanos-vathi-kato-apo-tin-epifaneia-tis-gis-ti-anaferei-nea-ereyna\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u00ab\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2; \u2013 \u03a4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>e-nautilia.gr. (2024, May 6). <a href=\"https:\/\/e-nautilia.gr\/anakalufthike-terastios-okeanos-pou-kruvetai-kato-apo-tin-epifaneia-tis-gis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u00ab\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>Eos. (2025, March 18). <a href=\"https:\/\/eos.org\/research-spotlights\/water-stored-in-the-mantle-for-millions-of-years-may-be-linked-to-continental-volcanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Water Stored in the Mantle for Millions of Years May Be Linked to Continental Volcanism<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>Imperial College London. (2020, June 29). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/news\/198796\/study-reveals-water-deep-earth-triggers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Study reveals how water in deep Earth triggers earthquakes and tsunami<\/i><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 700 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 400\u2013700 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[192,175],"tags":[311,304,303,300,308,305,309,313,312,307,301,153,297,295,299,294,302,310,296,298,306],"class_list":["post-3654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-knowledge-hub","category-175","tag-bridgmanite","tag-deep-water-cycle","tag-mantle-convection","tag-mantle-transition-zone","tag-ringwoodite","tag-subduction-zone","tag-wadsleyite","tag-313","tag-312","tag-307","tag-301","tag-153","tag-297","tag-295","tag-299","tag-294","tag-302","tag-310","tag-296","tag-298","tag-306"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3654"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3658,"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3654\/revisions\/3658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkouzas.sites.sch.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}